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Yıl:2000; Cilt: 15; Sayı: 45>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Dergisi; 2000;15(45):41-56
Farklı Dikkat Düzeylerinin Örtük ve Açık Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri
S Amado
Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir
Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı dikkat düzeylerinin, örtük ve açık bellek üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi ve buna ek olarak örtük ve açık belleğin ölçüm sorununa açıklık getirilmesidir. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda dikkat düzeylerinin manipülasyonu için iki farklı deney planlanmıştır. Deneylere toplam 110 denek katılmıştır. Birinci deneyde az ve yoğun dikkat koşullan yaratılmış, örtük bellek sözcük kökü tamamlama testiyle, açık bellek ise tanıma testiyle ölçülmüştür. İkinci deneyde, tam ve bölünmüş dikkat koşulları yaratılarak bellek incelenmiş, açık ve örtük bellek ölçümlerinde Jacoby, Toth ve Yonelinas (1993) tarafından ortaya atılan süreç-ayırma işlemi kullanılmış, böylece iki yöntemi karşılaştırma yoluyla ölçüm sorunu incelenmiştir. Elde edilen en önemli bulgu, örtük ve açık belleğin, dikkatin manipülasyonundan farklı olarak etkilendiğidir. Buna göre dikkat, örtük ve açık bellekte ayırışım yaratan bir değişkendir. Örtük bellek dikkatin bölünmesinden veya azalmasından çok az veya hiç etkilenmezken, açık bellek performansı anlamlı bir biçimde düşmüştür. Bu bulgu farklı dikkat kuramları ve örtük belleği açıklamaya çalışan yaklaşımlar açısından tartışılmıştır. Örtük ve açık belleği ölçmede klasik olarak kullanılan doğrudan ve dolaylı testlerle bu süreçleri daha saf ölçtüğü öne sürülen “süreç-ayırma işlemi’’ karşılaştırılmış, her iki yöntemin de kendine özgü sakınca ve sınırlılıklara sahip olduğu ve kullanımlarında dikkatli olunması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
The Effects of Different Levels of Attention on Implicit and Explicit Memory
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different levels of attention on iniplicit and explicit memory. In addition, different testing methods were examined to clarify the measurement problem of implicit and explicit memories. Two experiments were designed to create different levels of attention. A total of 110 subjects were recruited for the study. In the first experiment, attention was altered as “low ” and “ high attention ”, while implicit memory was measured by a stem-completion test and explicit memory’ by an old-new recognition test. In the second experiment, attention was manipulated as “divided” and “full” attention, where implicit and explicit memory was measured by both the “process dissociation method" and the methods used in Experiment 1. The most important finding was that; attention variable produced a dissociation between implicit and explicit memory’. The increase or decrease of attention (or divided attention) did not affect implicit memory, whereas it negatively affected explicit memory. Attention was discussed in terms of multi-mode theory of attention and automatic-effortful distinction of attention. The findings obtained from the experiments were found supportive for both the information processing and the multiple memory’ systems approaches of explaining implicit memory’. Process dissociation method was discussed on the basis of its assumptions and findings from the experiments. It was concluded that both the traditional measuring methods and the process dissociation method have their own limitations and both should be used cautiously.

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