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Yıl:2011; Cilt: 14; Sayı: 27>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2011;14(27):18-34
Kaybettiren Bencillik: Toplumsal İkilemler Konusunda Bir Derleme
Ö Yalçın
Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara
Toplumsal ikilemler, yaşamın her anında karşılaşılabilen seçim durumlarıdır. Bireyler birlikte oldukları diğerlerinin seçimlerinden bağımsız olarak yaptıkları bencilce tercihler için daha fazla kazanç elde etseler de herkesin bencilce tercihler yapması herkesin işbirliğini tercih ettiği durumlara göre toplamda daha az kazanç elde edilmesine yol açar. Bu özelliğiyle toplumsal ikilemler bireysel ve toplumsal çıkarların çatıştığı durumları inceleyen oldukça geniş bir çalışma alanı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kişilerarası ve gruplar arası boyutlarda yaşanan çatışmaların işleyişine ve çözümüne ilişkin anlayış edinilmesinde oldukça yararlı tanım ve sınıfl andırmalar, yöntemler ve kuramsal açıklamalar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı uzun yıllardır psikolojinin gündeminde olan toplumsal ikilemler konusundaki temel tanımları, görgül çalışmaları ve kuramsal açıklamaları gözden geçirmektir. Bu doğrultuda toplumsal ikilemlerde yarışmacı ve toplum yanlısı tercihlerin belirleyicisi olarak önerilen bireysel (cinsiyet, bazı kişisel değişkenler ve toplumsal değer yönelimi) ve yapısal/stratejik (iletişim, grup büyüklüğü, grup kimliği, kaynağın belirsizliği, özendiriciler, yaptırımlar, algısal etmenler, beklentiler, karşılıklılık ve bağlanma) etmenler tartışılmıştır. Ek olarak toplumsal ikilem çalışmalarının günümüzde yoğun olarak odaklandığı toplumsal değer yönelimi konusuna ağırlık verilmiş ve ilgili yazından yola çıkılarak toplumsal değer yöneliminin bileşenlerine ilişkin bir model önerilmiştir
Selfishness That Makes Lose:A Review of Social Dilemmas
Social dilemmas are choice situations that individuals can face at any moment of their life. Although individuals gain more outcomes from selfi sh choices that they made independent from choices of others, total outcome will be less than everybody cooperate situation if everybody make selfi sh decisions. Due to this feature, social dilemmas appear as a very broad studying area that investigates confl ict situations in which personal and social interests clash with each other. This domain presents quite useful defi nitions and classifi cations, methods, and theoretical explanations about the comprehension of the processes and solutions for encountered interpersonal and intergroup confl icts. This paper’s purpose is to review some of the main defi nitions, empirical studies and theoretical explanations about social dilemmas. Accordingly, personal (gender, some personal variables, and social value orientation) and structural/ strategic (communication, group size, group identity, uncertain sources, perceptual factors, and expectations, reciprocity and commitment) factors predicting the competitive and cooperative choices in social dilemmas are discussed. In addition, this review concentrated on the social value orientation more, and suggested a model about the factors of the social value orientation

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