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Yıl:2015; Cilt: 5; Sayı: 1>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2015;5(1):62-72
Yașlı hastalarda anksiyete bozukluklarının fenomenolojisi ve tedavisinde temel konular
EY Sivrioğlu
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa
Anksiyete bozuklukları ve klinik açıdan anlam taşıyan anksiyete belirtileri yaş gruplarına göre kavramsal farklılıklar gösterebilir. Biyolojik yapının yaşlanmayla farklılaşması bedensel belirtilerin yaşlılarda daha farklı biçimde görülmesine neden olur. Öznel bir deneyim olması nedeniyle anksiyetenin nasıl ifade edildiği de yaşa göre farklılık gösterir. Bu faktörlerin yaşlılık çağında değişimi anksiyetenin gençlik yıllarından farklı biçimde dışa yansımasına neden olabilir. Yaşlılık döneminde sık rastlanan eş tanılı bedensel hastalıklar da anksiyetenin klinik görünümünü değiştirebilir. Yaşlılık dönemine ait tüm bu farklılıklar göz önüne alındığında, yaşlılardaki anksiyete belirtileri ve anksiyete bozukluklarının genç erişkinlerdekinden farklı biçimde anlaşılması ve tanınması gereği ortaya çıkar. Yaşlılarda anksiyete bozukluğu genç erişkinlere göre daha az görülmektedir. Bunun nedeni gerek yaşlıların anksiyete belirtileri nedeniyle daha az yardım arayışında olması, gerek sağlık çalışanlarının iyi niyetli ancak sorun yaratan “Yaş Ayrımcılığı” davranışı ve anksiyete belirtilerinin yanlış biçimde normalize edilmesi olabilir. Yaşlılarda görülen anksiyete bozuklukları için özel tanı ölçütlerinin olmaması ve tarama araçlarının yetersizliği de tanıda zorluk yaratan etmenlerdir. Anksiyete bozuklukları ve klinik düzeyde anlam taşıyan ancak sendrom düzeyine ulaşmayan anksiyete belirtileri yaşlılarda mortalite ve morbidite artışına neden olur ve yaşam kalitelerini azaltır. Bu nedenle tanınmaları ve etkili biçimde tedavi edilmeleri şarttır. Tedavi konusundaki çalışmalar yetersiz olmasına karşın Kognitif Davranışçı Terapilerin (KDT) etkililiği konusunda genel bir anlaşma vardır. İlaç tedavilerinde ilk seçenek seçici serotonin gerialım inhibitörleri ve serotonin ve noradrenalin gerialım inhibitörleridir. Hangi hastalarda KDT hangi hastalarda ilaç tedavilerinin ilk seçenek olduğu net değildir ancak bu iki tedavi yönteminin de eş derecede etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Her iki yöntemin bir arada kullanılmasıyla ilgili çelişkili veri ve öneriler vardır. Bu yazıda sözü edilen epidemiyolojik ve kavramsal farklılıklar üzerinde durulacak ve tedavi seçenekleri tartışılacaktır.
Fundemantal topics in phenomenology and thetreatment of elderly anxiety disorder patients
Fundemantal topics in phenomenology and thetreatment of elderly anxiety disorder patients Anxiety disorders and clinically significant anxiety symptoms may exhibit conceptual differences among various age groups. Alterations due to aging in biological constitution lead changes in presentation of physical symptoms in the elderly. As anxiety is a subjective experience, its expression also varies by age. Accordingly, the expression of anxiety may also vary by age. Accompanying physical disorders that are more prevalent during elderly period may also alter the clinical presentation of anxiety. When all of these changes pertinent to elderly are considered, it is obvious that anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders in the elderly should be recognized and managed differently than in young adults. Anxiety disorders are less prevalent in the elderly compared to young adult population. This might be explained by lower rates of help seeking behavior in the elderly, well-intentioned but problematic “age discrimination” behavior of health professionals and wrongful normalization of anxiety symptoms. Lack of specific diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders in the elderly and insufficiency of screening tools further contribute to diagnostic difficulties. Anxiety disorders and clinically significant anxiety symptoms lead to an increase in mortality and morbidity and reduction in quality of life in the elderly. Therefore they should be diagnosed and managed effectively. Despite lack of substantial clinical evidence, Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) are generally considered to be effective in management. First-line medical treatment agents include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors. It is yet unclear which group of patients will benefit from CBT or pharmacological agents as first-line treatment; however, both treatment alternatives have been shown to be equally effective. Data and recommendations regarding simultaneous use of both modalities are conflicting. Epidemiological and conceptual differences will be emphasized and treatment alternatives will be discussed in this article.

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