Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi; 2014;1(2):23-39
Psikopatoloji, Hasta ve Terapist Bağlamında Altı Temel Duygudan Korkunun İncelenmesi
S Akça, BZ Şengül, T Uyar
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara
Altı temel duygudan biri olarak korkunun psikopatoloji, hasta ve terapist bakımından incelenmesi
amacıyla kaleme alınan bu makalede ilk olarak korkunun tanımı ve diğer duygulardan ayrımı açıklanıp
psikopatoloji literatüründe yer alan bilişsel ve psikodinamik teorilerle korkunun altında yatan
mekanizmaların nasıl açıklandığı paylaşılmıştır. İkinci olarak Freud’un “Küçük Hans” vakası ve Oğuz
Atay’ın “Korkuyu Beklerken” hikâyesi korkunun bireyde nasıl ortaya çıktığı ve onun hayatını nasıl
etkilediği sorularına cevap bulmak amacıyla katmanlı duygu modeline göre irdelenmiştir. Son olarak,
yine aynı model çerçevesinde korku duygusunun terapist açısından incelenmesini sağlamak üzere
duyguların devam eden terapideki önemi, aktarım ve karşı aktarım ile bunların psikoterapideki yeri,
karşı aktarımın engelleyici yanları ve karşı aktarımın yönetim yolları “Küçük Hans” ve “Tedavi (In
Treatment)” dizisinde yer alan “Laura” vakası üzerinden ele alınmıştır. Yapılan bu incelemelerin hem
bilişsel hem de psikodinamik teorik açıklamalara ve katmanlı duygu modeline açıklama getirip örnek
teşkil etmeleri, bu makalenin akademik ve pratik alanlarda çalışan ruh sağlığı uzmanları için faydalı
olacağına işaret etmektedir.
Fear as One of the Six Basic Emotions in Respect to Psychopathology, the Patient, and theTherapist
In the current paper –with respect to psychopathology, the patient, and the therapist– to
begin with, the definition of fear and the differentiation of it from other related emotions and
underlying mechanisms of this emotion in accordance with cognitive and psychodynamic theories
has been covered. Secondly, in order to analyze the emotion of fear in regard to the patient, two
examples have been selected to be discussed. The first one of them is the case of “Little Hans”
from the psychoanalytic literature, and the other one is one of the stories of Oguz Atay, titled
“Korkuyu Beklerken” (“Waiting for the Fear”) from the Turkish literature. These two examples
have been analyzed thoroughly according to the layering of emotions in order to answer the
questions of how fear emerges in the patient and affects his/her functioning. Specifically, from the
analysis of the case of “Little Hans”, it may be concluded that all affects are capable of being
changed into anxiety, and it is crucial to notice the picture of a child’s sexual life (i.e., infantile
sexuality) by uncovering the psychical formations, layer by layer. In the story “Waiting for the
Fear”, it should be noted that the protagonist’s moving between paranoid-schizoid and depressive
positions, his defense mechanisms, and his relations put that story at an invaluable point in terms
of psychoanalytic literature in addition to its importance in Turkish Literature. Last but not least,
again considering the layering of emotions; the importance of examining emotions throughout an
ongoing therapeutic process, transference, and counter-transference together with the roles of them
in therapy, the adverse effects of countertransference, and the management of countertransference
have been covered with the case of “Little Hans” and the case of “Laura” from the series named
“In Treatment”.
In therapy, it is explained by the reflections of client’s sayings which come from the
therapist. The client uses those mechanisms, and the role therapist in therapy is to show out that in
therapy, there is no need to hide the realities and real emotions, and the fact that the self-conscious
emotions are the secondary emotions. Moreover, it is crucial to notice that the therapist must pay
close attention to his or her inner workings, while at the same time responding with a reasonable
degree of spontaneity and a full degree of humanness. How this kind and degree of responsiveness
in the therapist serves to expose him or her to the patient’s conscious and unconscious scrutiny and
how self protectiveness is a defense against fear of such exposure have also been discussed in the
current article. It is also well-known that countertransference is often a reaction to the patient’s
underlying needs, wishes, and fears; thus, understanding therapist’s countertransference facilitates
the understanding the patient’s needs, wishes, and fears within the therapeutic relationship as well
as other significant relationships of him/her. When all these research and analyses are taken into
consideration, appropriateness to both theoretical explanations in cognitive and psychodynamic
literature and the layering model mentioned in the paper may signalize that this article might be
worthwhile and useful for the mental health professionals of both academic and practical settings.