Dergi Ara >>
Yıl:2003; Cilt: 11; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi; 2003;11(4):316-324
Lityum zehirlenmesi
S Kesebir, F Akdeniz, S Vahip
Ege Ü. Tıp Fak. Psikiyatri ABD, İzmir
Lityum sağaltımı, lityum farmakokinetiği ve lityum klirensini etkileyen etmenlerin tanımlanması ile ilgili elli yıllık klinik deneyim ve araştırmalara rağmen lityum zehirlenmelerine rastlanmaktadır. Ancak lityum kullanımı sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken koşulların yerine getirilmesi ve hızlı zehirlenme sağaltımları nedeniyle lityum zehirlenmesine bağlı ölüm ve sekel oranlarında azalma eğilimi vardır. Lityum zehirlenmesi üç şekilde ortaya çıkabilir: akut, kronik zeminde akut ve kronik zehirlenme. Akut zehirlenme lityum alımında artış, yanlışlıkla ya da unutarak, bazı zamanlarda ise kişinin kendini sağaltmak için ya da özkıyım amaçlı çok sayıda ve sıklıkta ilaç alma şeklinde olabilir. Akut alımda nörolojik bulgu ve kalıcı sekel görülme olasılığı daha düşüktür. En sık kronik lityum zehirlenmelerine rastlanmaktadır. Lityum sağaltımı sırasında zehirlenme bulguları gösteren olguları kapsamaktadır ve şiddetli nörotoksisite ile ilişkilidir. Lityum klirensini etkileyen glomerüler süzme hızı ya da lityumun fraksiyonel atılımını azaltan etmenler kronik lityum zehirlenmesine yol açar. Lityumun kalp, sindirim sistemi, böbrekler ve merkezi sinir sistemi gibi pek çok organ üzerine toksik etkileri vardır. Lityum zehirlenmesinde en etkili sağaltım yöntemi hemodiyalizdir. Lityum zehirlenmesinin başarılı sağaltılabilmesi için hasta, hasta yakınları ve hekimler tarafından zehirlenme belirtilerinin erken farkedilmesi gerekir.



Lithium Intoxication
Despite of half century of clinical experience and research providing us with a detailed understanding of lithium treatment, the factors affecting the lithium excretion, and the pharmacokinetics of lithium, patients are still suffering toxicity. Recently, because of following the lithium treatment guidelines and rapid detoxification strategies, the patients experience less morbidity and mortality related with lithium intoxication. Lithium intoxication cases are classified as acute, acute on chronic and chronic poisoning. Acute poisoning is the acute ingestion of lithium in a patient with the purpose of suicide or by accident. Neurotoxic side effects and permanent sequela are not seen in acute poisoning. Chronic poisoning is more frequent, occurs during chronic lithium treatment and most strongly associated with the development of severe neurotoxicity. The factors decreasing either glomeruler filtrating rate or fractional excretion of lithium that reduce lithium clearance cause chronic lithium poisoning. Lithium has been considered to cause toxic effects on a variety of organ systems including the heart, gut, kidney and central nervous system. The most efficient treatment method is hemodialysis. To be successful in the treatment of lithium poisoning, the patients, relatives of patients and clinicians should be aware of early signs of lithium toxicity.

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