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Yıl:2014; Cilt: 17; Sayı: 34>> Özet
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Türk Psikoloji Yazıları; 2014;17(34):36-52
Avrupalı İkinci Nesil Türk Göçmenlerin Okul Başarısı 
G Baysu, K Phalet
Kadir Has Üniversitesi, İstanbul
Avrupa’daki okulların en büyük sorunlarından biri göçmenlerin yerlilere kıyasla okulda daha başarısız olmasıdır. Bu derleme makalesinin amacı İsveç, Belçika, Avusturya ve Almanya’da büyük şehirlerde yaşayan yerli ve ikinci nesil Türk göçmenlere odaklanarak, okul başarıları arasındaki farkı betimlemek ve sosyal psikolojik bir bakış açısıyla açıklamaktır. Bulgular beş ana başlık altında toplanmıştır. (1) İlk olarak okul başarısını betimleme amacı doğrultusunda dört Avrupa ülkesinde de göçmen ve yerli öğrencilerin okul hayatları boyunca başarılarında gitgide artan bir fark bulunmuştur. Bu farkı açıklamak için, sosyal kimlik kuramına ve sosyal kimlik tehdit algısına yönelik araştırmalardan yararlanılmıştır. (2) Gruplar arası ilişkilere bakıldığında, arkadaşlıklar ve öğretmen desteği, göçmenlerin okulda kendini güvende ve kabul görmüş hissetmesine yol açarak okul başarısını artırmaktadır. Öte yandan, ayrımcılık okula adaptasyonu zorlaştırmaktadır. (3) Sosyal kimlik stratejileri okul başarısını ve adaptasyonunu belirlemektedir. Çiftkültürlü öğrenciler (hem Türk hem Belçikalı hissetmek) okulda ayrımcılığa veya olumsuz kalıpyargılara maruz kaldıklarında bundan daha fazla zarar görmekte, bu da okul başarılarını ve test performanslarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. (4) Segregasyon, gruplar arası arkadaşlıkları azaltıp ayrımcılık algısını artırarak, okul başarısı ve adaptasyonu üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye yol açmaktadır. Ancak göçmenlerin çoğunluğu oluşturduğu okullar onları ayrımcılıktan korumaktadır. (5) Göçmenler, Almanya gibi hiyerarşik olarak yapılandırılmış eğitim sistemlerinde (akademik ve meslek odaklı ortaöğretim gibi) daha başarısız olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu derlemede sosyal psikolojik yaklaşımın, özellikle sosyal kimlik tehdit algısı ve gruplar arası ilişkilerin, göçmenlerin okul başarısını belirlemekte önemli bir rol oynadığı ifade edilmektedir.
School Success of Second-Generation Turkish Immigrants in Europe 
One of the key challenges of today’s multicultural schools is the educational gap between immigrant and native youth. By focusing on the Turkish second-generation and natives in Belgium, Sweden, Austria and Germany, this paper aims to describe and explain the educational gap between immigrants and natives with a social psychological approach. (1) In describing the educational gap, longitudinal and comparative analyses in the four European countries indicated a widening gap between immigrant and native schools careers. Even Turkish second-generation students who started at the academic schools are less likely than similar natives to stay on and continue beyond secondary education. To explain this gap, this paper develops an explanatory approach from social identity theory and identity threat research. (2) The quality of intergroup relations, specifically intergroup friendships and teacher support, enhances immigrant school success via reducing identity threat. In contrast, discrimination undermines immigrant school adjustment. (3) Social identity strategies play a key role so that a bicultural identity increases vulnerability to identity threat in schools, where bicultural students are least successful in the presence of discrimination and under situationally-induced stereotype threat. (4) Segregation undermines school success and adjustment via reducing intergroup friendship and increasing discrimination. However, highly-segregated schools, where immigrants are the numerical majority, protect them from discrimination. (5) In hierarchically-stratified school systems like Germany, immigrant students are less successful than in less stratified schools like Sweden. This review paper underlines the significance of an explanatory approach from social identity threat and intergroup relations for understanding immigrant school success.

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