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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2012;2(4):313-326
Yașlılarda anksiyete bozuklukları: Ayırıcı tanı ve tedavi
EȘ Cankurtaran
Ankara Onkoloji Eğitim ve Araștırma Hastanesi, Ankara
Anksiyete Bozuklukları yaşlılarda en sık görülen psikiyatrik hastalıklardan biri olmasına rağmen tanı ve tedavisinde halen zorluklar yaşanmaktadır. Yaşlılarda ortaya çıkan Anksiyete Bozuklukları’na tanı koymakta yaşanan zorluklar hastaların yardım aramamasına, anksiyete belirtilerini fiziksel hastalıklara bağlamalarına veya klinisyenlerin yaşlılıkta görülen anksiyete bozuklukları ve yaşlanma hakkında yeterli deneyim ve bilgilerinin olmamasına, tanı ölçütlerinin yaşlılar için uygun olmamasına bağlı olabilir. Bunun yanında Anksiyete Bozukluğu fenomenolojisi yaşlılarda, gençlerden farklılık göstermesi de tanı konulmasını zorlaştırabilir. Anksiyete Bozuklukları yaşlılarda gençlere göre daha az görülmekle birlikte gene de yaygınlıkları sıktır ve kadınlarda daha sık görülmektedirler. Yaşlılarda en sık görülen Anksiyete Bozuklukları özgül fobiler ve yaygın anksiyete bozukluklarıdır. Yaşlılarda özellikle depresyon gibi diğer psikiyatrik hastalıklar Anksiyete Bozuklukları’na sıklıkla eşlik etmektedir. Bununla birlikte yaşla birlikta görülme yaygınlığı artan fiziksel hastalıklar da anksiyete belirtilerine tanı konulmasında zorluklara yol açabilir. Yaşla birlikte ortaya çıkan bilişsel işlevlerde kötüleşme de anksiyete belirtilerinin görünümünü, hasta tarafından ifade edilmesini ve klinisyenin ayırıcı tanı yapmasını zorlaştırabilir. Yaşlılarda Anksiyete Bozuklukları’nın tedavisiyle ilgili randomize kontrollü çalışma sayısı az da olsa serotoninerjik antidepresanların, pregabalinin ve bilişsel davranışcı tedavinin etkinliği gösterilmiştir. Bu makalede yaşlılarda ortaya çıkan Panik Bozukluk, Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu, Özgül Fobiler, Sosyal Fobi, Obsesif- Kompülsif Bozukluk ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu gibi Anksiyete Bozuklukları’nın yaşlılıktaki fenomenolojileri, yaygınlıkları, ayırıcı tanıları ve tedavileri hakkında literatür bilgileri gözden geçirilecektir.
Anxiety disorders in the elderly: differential diagnosis and treatment
Although anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in the elderly, they still tend to be underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. There are a number of barriers to diagnose anxiety disorders in late-life which may be due to combination of patient variables (e.g., a lack of help-seeking behavior and attributing their symptoms to physical illnesses thereby sometimes being excluded from diagnoses; having difficulty remembering or identifying symptoms.) and variables related to current clinical practice (e.g., a lack of knowledge regarding late-life anxiety and ageism, the diagnostic criteria less sensitive to the detection of anxiety symptoms in elderly). The diagnosis may be further obscured because the phenomenology of anxiety disorders in older adults tends to differ from the phenomenology in younger adults. Anxiety disorders are relatively common in late life, but less common than in younger adults. Prevalence rates of DSMIV mood and anxiety disorders in late life tend to decline with age, but remain very common; especially in women. Among the anxiety disorders, specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder are considered to be most common in elderly. In older adults, anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with depression and also with a number of medical illnesses. Cognitive decline is an important consideration when defining anxiety disorders in this age group because it may affect presentation of symptoms, experience of symptoms, as well as the ability to communicate them. Randomized controlled trials have yielded support for the effectiveness of serotonergic antidepressants, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The goal of this paper is to review panic disorder, specific phobias, generilized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder in elderly, while stressing the specific factors associated with aging.

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