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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 4>> Özet
Psikiyatride Güncel; 2012;2(4):306-312
Psikofarmakoterapi:Yașlı popülasyonda uygulama ilkeleri
AG Gönentür, V Topçuoğlu
Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Beklenen yaşam süresinin uzaması ile birlikte genel popülasyonda yaşlıların oranı artmaktadır. Bu da psikiyatristlerin klinik ortamlarda yaşlılar ile giderek daha sık karşılaşacağı anlamına gelir. Yaşlıların ilaç tedavisinin farklı özelliklerinin olmasının temelini yaşlanmanın getirdiği fizyolojik değişiklikler oluşturur. Yaşlılarda ilaçların emilim, dağılım, metabolizma ve atılım aşamalarında görülen farmakokinetik değişiklikler ilaçların etkilerinin geç başlaması ve kan düzeylerinin hızla yükselerek toksisite riskinin artması gibi istenmeyen sonuçlara yol açabilir. Nörotransmiterlerin miktarında azalma, reseptör duyarlılığında artış ve reseptör sayısında ve afinitesinde azalma gibi farmakodinamik değişiklikler yaşlıları psikotrop ilaçların özellikle de merkezi sinir sistemi ve kardiyolojik yan etkilerine yatkın kılar. Yaşlanmaya bağlı fizyolojik değişikliklerin yanı sıra, yaşlılarda sıklıkla söz konusu olan tıbbi hastalıklar ve kullanılan diğer ilaçlar da ilaç tedavisi uygulamalarında göz önüne alınmalıdır. İstenmeyen ilaç reaksiyonlarını ve ilaç etkileşimlerini arttırabileceğinden ve tedaviye uyumu bozabileceğinden polifarmasiden kaçınılmalıdır. Yaşlılarda tedaviye düşük dozda başlanır ve doz yavaş arttırılır; mümkün olduğunca az sayıda ilaç kullanılır; birden fazla ilaç kullanılması gerekiyorsa aynı anda değil de, aralıklı olarak tedaviye eklenmesi önerilir. Yaşlılarda tedavi etkisi daha genç erişkinlere göre daha geç başlar ve tedavi süresi daha uzundur. Ayrıca, tedaviye yanıt daha düşük oranda ve daha zayıftır.
Psychopharmacotherapy: principles in elderly population
With the improvement of life expectancy at birth, the ratio of elderly people within the general population has increased. This means that psychiatrists will increasingly encounter elderly population in clinical settings. Age-related physiological changes are the basis of differing aspects of pharmacotherapy in the elderly. Pharmacokinetic changes in the stages of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion may result in negative consequences such as delayed onset of treatment effects and rapid rises in the plasma levels of drugs, which increase the risk of toxicity. Pharmacodynamic changes such as decreased neurotransmitter levels, increased receptor sensitivity and decrease in the number and affinity of the receptors make the elderly vulnerable especially to the central nervous system and cardiological side effects of psychotropic medications. Along with physiological changes due to aging, medical disorders common in old age and other medications used for their treatment should be considered in psychopharmacotherapy. Polypharmacy should be avoided, as it may increase adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions, and impair compliance. In the elderly patients, treatment is started with low dosages and slowly increased; the number of drugs should be kept as few as possible; when more than one type of medication is to be prescribed, these should not be started simultaneously, but added with a particular interval. In old age, treatment effects are observed later than the adult population and the duration of treatment should be longer. Besides, treatment response is at a lower rate and less robust.

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