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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 2; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Journal of Mood Disorders; 2012;2(4):168-179
Harvard South Shore Programı?ndaki psikofarmakoloji algoritma projesi: Psikotik depresyon güncellemesi 2012
M Tang, DN Osser
Harvard Medical School; VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA
Giriş: Harvard South Shore Programı'ndaki Psikofarmakoloji Algoritma Projesi (PAPHSS), 1998 ve 2000 yıllarında, psikotik özellikli majör depresyonun (psikotik depresyon) farmakolojik tedavisi için kanıt destekli algoritmalar yayınlamıştır. Bu makale, 2008 algoritması için bir güncellemedir.

Yöntem: 2008 güncellemesinde kullanılana benzer yöntem kullanılarak, PubMed ve EMBASE taraması yapıldı. İlgili İngilizce literatür, Kasım 2007'de n ve Temmuz 2012'ye kadar tarandı. Makaleler, verilerin niteliğine ve mevcut önerilere ek kanıt destek sağlayıp sağlamadığına ya da önceki algoritmada değişikliklere sebep olup olmadığına göre değerlendirildi.

Bulgular: Algoritmada küçük değişiklikler yapıldı, önceki önerilerin çoğu desteklendi. Elektrokonvulsif tedavi (EKT), hastaneye yatırılmış, ağır psikotik depresyon hastaları için en etkin tedavi olmaya devam etmektedir. EKT mevcut olmadığında veya düşünülmediğinde tercih edilen farmakolojik yöntem ise halen bir antidepresan (trisiklik [TSA], seçici serotonin geri-alım engelleyici [SSGE] veya serotonin-norepinefrin geri-alım engelleyici [SNGE]) ile bir antipsikotiğin birlikte kullanımıdır. Son güncellemeden itibaren yeni kanıtlar, ilk seçenek antidepresan olarak bir SNGE olan venlafaksin ER kullanımını destekleme eğilimindedir. Antipsikotikler ele alındığında, hem olanzapinin hem de ketiapinin etkililiğini gösteren yeni veriler mevcuttur. Ancak daha iyi huylu güvenlik profillerine sahip diğer atipik antipsikotiklerin (örn. ziprasidon, aripiprazol) ilk seçenek antipsikotik olarak denenmesinin daha akıllıca olacağı tavsiye edilmektedir. Yeni veriler ayrıca en az dört aylık idame tedavisinin de etkin olduğunu önermektedir. Eğer ilk antidepresan-antipsikotik birlikte kullanımı tatminkar bir sonuç vermezse ve EKT hala ulaşılabilir veya uygun değilse ikinci farmakolojik girişim, 2008 algoritmasında da önerildiği gibi, antidepresanda değişiklik yapmak olabilir. İki birleştirme girişimi başarısız olduktan sonra (ve yine EKT tercihler arasında yoksa) algoritma, lityum eklenmesini önermeye devam etmektedir. Sınırlı miktarda kanıt, klozapin tekli tedavisine geçmeyi de tavsiye etmektedir. Çok küçük miktardaki kanıta dayanan metilfenidat eklenmesi ise son dönemde bahsedilen, olası bir seçenektir. Kanıtlar, birleştirme tedavisi tercih edilmediğinde, TSA ile tekli tedavinin SSGE ile veya SNGE ile tekli tedaviden daha etkin olduğunu önermektedir. Ancak, güvenlik konuları ve psikoz alevlenmesi riskinde olası artış, TSA tekli tedavisi için olumsuz etkenlerdir. Antidepresan tekli tedavisi başarısız olursa, EKT veya bir antipsikotik eklenmesi yeniden değerlendirilmelidir.

Sonuç: Bu gözden geçirme, psikotik depresyonun farmakolojik tedavisi için mevcut olan kanıtların önceki PAPHSS analizini yeniden değerlendirmektedir. Sonuçların geçerliliği, mevcut literatürün nicelik ve niteliği açısından kısıtlıdır. Psikotik depresyonda birebir karşılaştırmalı ileriye dönük çalışmalar halen görece az miktardadır. Ancak bu algoritma, psikotik depresyon tedavisi için hekimlere bir rehber olarak hizmet edebilir.
The psychopharmacology algorithm project at the harvard south shore program: 2012 update on psychotic depression
Background: The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program (PAPHSS) has published evidence-supported algorithms for the pharmacological treatment of major depressive disorder with psychotic features (psychotic depression) in 1998 and 2008. This article is an update for the 2008 algorithm.

Method: Using similar methodology as with the 2008 update, PubMed and EMBASE searches were conducted to identity relevant literature in the English [language] from November 2007 through July 2012. Articles were evaluated for quality of the data and for whether they provided additional evidence support for previous recommendations or prompted changes to the prior algorithm.

Results: Minor changes were made to the algorithm: most prior recommendations were upheld. The most effective treatment for hospitalized, severe psychotic depression patients remains electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The combination of an antidepressant (tricyclic [TCA], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor [SSRI], or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor [SNRI]) plus an antipsychotic continues to be the preferred pharmacological modality when ECT is an unavailable/deferred option. Since the last update, new evidence tends to support using venlafaxine ER, a SNRI, as the first choice antidepressant. Regarding the antipsychotic, both olanzapine and quetiapine have new data demonstrating efficacy. Nevertheless, it is suggested that it may be reasonable to try other atypical antipsychotics with more benign safety profiles (e.g. ziprasidone, aripiprazole) as the first choice antipsychotic. New data also suggest at least four [month]s of maintenance therapy is effective. If the first antidepressant-antipsychotic combination produces an unsatisfactory outcome, and ECT is still not acceptable or appropriate, the second pharmacotherapy trial can be with a change in the antidepressant, as was recommended in the 2008 algorithm. After two trials of combination therapy have failed (and, again, ECT is not an option), the algorithm continues to recommend augmentation with lithium. Limited evidence also suggests consideration of a switch to clozapine monotherapy. Augmentation with methylphenidate is a newly mentioned possible option based on very small evidence. When combination therapy is deferred, evidence suggests monotherapy with a TCA may be more effective than an SNRI or SSRI. However, safety issues and possible increased risk of psychosis exacerbation are unfavorable factors for TCA monotherapy. ECT or addition of an antipsychotic should be reconsidered if antidepressant monotherapy failed.

Conclusion: This heuristic further refines the previous PAPHSS analysis of the available evidence for pharmacological treatment of psychotic depression. The validity of the conclusions is limited by the quality and quantity of the literature available: the number of head-to-head prospective trials in psychotic depression is still relatively small. However, this algorithm may serve as a guide for clinicians in the management of psychotic depression.

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