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Yıl:2012; Cilt: 22; Sayı: 4>> Özet
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Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2012;22(4):366-374
RNA interferansı: Psikiyatrik hastalıkların tedavisinde yeni bir umut
EE Kocak
Hacettepe University, Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Ankara - Turkey
Psikiyatrik bozukluklar, toplumda çok sık görülen ve yol açtıkları işgücü kaybı nedeniyle hem bireye hem de topluma ağır yük getiren rahatsızlıklardır. Tıptaki diğer hastalıkların aksine, bu bozuklukların tanımlamaları hala etiyolojik olarak değil, fenomenolojik olarak yapılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla da etiyolojiye yönelik tedavi yapılamamaktadır. Mevcut tedavilerin etki etmesi vakit almakta, hastaların önemli bir bölümünde tedavi direnci ciddi sorun teşkil etmektedir. Psikiyatrik rahatsızlıkların altta yatan nedenlerinin ve psikopatolojik süreçlerinin anlaşılması yeni tedavi stratejileri geliştirmek açısından son derece önem taşımaktadır. Psikiyatrik bozuklukların nörobiyolojisini anlamaya yönelik çalışmalar birçok koldan yürütülmektedir. Bu alanda son yıllarda gündeme gelen yeni bir teknik, RNA interferansı, önceki çalışmalarda var olan bazı kısıtlılıkları ortadan kaldırması ve hızlı ve kolay uygulanabilir olması nedeniyle heyecan yaratmış, 2006 Nobel Tıp Ödülü'ne layık görülmüştür. RNA interferansı hücrede ifade edilen bir genin ifadesini mRNA düzeyinde azaltmayı sağlayan bir yöntemdir. Bunun için ilgilenilen genin mRNA dizilimine tamamlayıcı olan çift zincirli kısa RNA moleküllerinden faydalanılır. Bu RNA molekülleri hücreye dışarıdan değişik şekillerde uygulanabilir, örneğin bir plazmid içinde veya transfeksiyon ajanı yardımıyla verilebilir. RNA interferansı, araştırma amaçlı ekzojen kullanımının yanı sıra, virüsleri ve hücredeki mobil genetik elemanları kontrol altında tutmak vb işlevler için organizmanın endojen olarak kullandığı bir yöntemdir. RNA interferansı, tıbbın diğer alanlarıyla birlikte psikiyatrik araştırmalarda da tercih edilen bir yöntem haline gelmiş; duygudurum ve anksiyete bozuklukları, madde kullanım bozuklukları gibi çok sayıda ruhsal bozuklukta rol oynayan moleküllerin anlaşılması ve yeni tedavi hedefleri belirlenmesinde yol gösterici nitelik almıştır. Bu teknikle önceki çalışmalarda tespit edilen ve psikiyatrik bozuklukların nörobiyolojisinde önemli olabileceği düşünülen aday genlerin hızla değerlendirilmesi imkanlı hale gelmiştir. Bu gözden geçirmede, RNA interferansı ve bu tekniği duygudurum, anksiyete ve madde kullanım bozukluklarını araştırmak amacıyla kullanan çalışmalar özetlenecektir.
RNA interference: a new hope in understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders
The prevalence and global burden of mental disorders are high. The number of [year]s lost due to disability they cause, has major impact both on the individual and the society. Unlike the classification of other medical problems that are based on the etiology, psychiatric disorders are defined phenomenologically, thus treatments do not address the etiology of the disorders. Moreover the onset of action of the present treatment options takes time and treatment resistance is a major issue in the management of psychiatric patients. Understanding the etiology and psychopathological processes underlying the mental disorders would help to develop new treatment strategies and options for these disorders. There are several studies investigating the neurobiology of mental disorders from various aspects. The discovery of RNA interference, a new technique, has led to excitement and innovating scientist was awarded by Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2006, as it has overcome the limitations of previous techniques. RNA interference technique is used to decrease the mRNA expression of target genes by means of double stranded small RNA molecules complimentary to the target gene. These small RNA molecules can be administered into the cells exogenously by different ways, for instance they can be coupled to plasmids or transfection reagents. Besides its exogenous use as a research tool to suppress gene expression, RNA interference is an endogenous process that the organisms use for functions like the control of viruses and mobile genetic elements. Besides being used for research in other medical disciplines, RNA interference has become the preferred method in psychiatric research. It yields to understanding of many molecules that play role in the neurobiology of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders and results in identification of new treatment targets. This technique enables researchers to evaluate candidate genes quickly that were identifed in previous studies and were thought to be important in the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review RNA interference and the studies that used this technique to investigate the neurobiology of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders.

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